Pillar Guide · Facial Structure
The complete mewing guide: technique, evidence, and honest results
Mewing is correct oral posture: the full tongue pressed against the roof of the mouth, lips sealed, teeth in light contact. For adult bone restructuring, no randomized controlled trials exist and mainstream orthodontics does not endorse it. For resting facial posture, submental tightening, nasal breathing, and corrected swallowing mechanics, the benefits are real and begin within weeks. This guide covers the exact technique, the hard vs soft mewing distinction, what evidence supports and what it does not, and where tongue posture fits a complete jawline protocol.
Mewing went from Dr. Mike Mew's orthodontics YouTube channel to a mainstream facial posture practice with millions of practitioners. The honest picture is more nuanced than online communities typically admit: some benefits are immediate and postural, some are plausible over developmental periods in younger people, and the bone-restructuring claims in adults remain unproven. Knowing which is which lets you practice it intelligently instead of either dismissing it or placing unrealistic expectations on it.
// What's in this guide
- What is mewing and where did it come from?
- The correct technique, step by step
- Hard mewing vs soft mewing
- Does mewing work? Evidence and skepticism
- What mewing actually delivers
- The five most common mistakes
- Realistic timeline
- Mewing vs alternative jaw-definition methods
- How mewing fits your jawline protocol
- Frequently asked questions
01What is mewing and where did it come from?
Mewing is the practice of keeping the entire tongue against the roof of the mouth as the default resting position throughout the day. The name comes from Dr. John Mew and his son Dr. Mike Mew, British orthodontists who developed "orthotropics," a theory proposing that oral posture, tongue position, and breathing patterns shape craniofacial development during childhood and adolescence.
The core argument in orthotropic theory: sustained upward tongue pressure on the palate during growth guides maxillary expansion and forward development. Mouth breathing, a low-resting tongue, and modern soft-food diets allow the maxilla to drop and narrow, producing the longer, recessed midface profile that correlates with modern rates of dental crowding and malocclusion. Dr. Mew's functional matrix hypothesis draws on Melvin Moss's foundational work showing that soft tissues, not just genetic bone templates, shape craniofacial structure during growth.5 Masticatory muscle force also plays a role: people with larger masseter muscles tend to have shorter, wider facial profiles, and forceful mastication activates osteocytes that contribute to denser jawbone.11
The technique gained broad public attention around 2018 through Dr. Mike Mew's YouTube content. Facial posture communities adopted it as a core practice, with claims that ranged from legitimate postural correction to dramatic adult bone restructuring. Those communities include people of all genders and ages interested in jawline definition, not only the looksmaxxing subculture. The evidence picture for each claim is different, and this guide separates them.
Mewing is correct oral posture rooted in orthotropic theory. The childhood development rationale has biological plausibility. The adult bone-restructuring extension of that theory has not been validated in clinical trials. Both things can be true at the same time.
02The correct technique, step by step
The technique is simple to describe but takes time to make unconscious. Most people's default tongue position is resting on the floor of the mouth. Mewing retrains that to a palatal position. The posterior third of the tongue is the hardest part to engage and the part that matters most.
Close your mouth and seal your lips. Breathe through your nose only. If you are a habitual mouth breather, nasal breathing alone is a significant change. Nasal breathing filters, humidifies, and warms incoming air; it is the physiologically intended pathway and is supported by a robust evidence base for its benefits on sleep quality and airway health.9
Place the entire tongue against the roof of the mouth. Not just the tip. The full body of the tongue, from front to back, presses gently against the hard palate. The tip rests just behind the upper front teeth on the incisive papilla (the small ridge behind those teeth), not touching the teeth themselves.
Engage the posterior third. This is where most people fail. Say "sing" and hold the "ng" position. That engages the back of the tongue against the soft palate. Alternatively, swallow and hold the tongue position at the peak of the swallow. Either technique isolates the correct position. Resting tongue posture and its relationship to jaw alignment has been documented across multiple orthodontic observational studies.6
Let the teeth rest in light contact. Upper and lower teeth gently touching or within 1-2 mm. Not clenching. This engages the masseter at baseline and supports the jaw's neutral position. Clenching is a different and harmful behavior; the distinction matters.
Make this your unconscious default. The goal is not a 10-minute exercise session. It is 24-hour resting posture. Set hourly phone reminders for the first two weeks. Over 4 to 8 weeks, the position becomes increasingly automatic. For nights, training the daytime habit thoroughly is the foundation; nighttime posture follows.
Proper mewing requires the entire tongue on the palate including the posterior third, not just the tip. Lips sealed, teeth in light contact, nose breathing only. Making it unconscious takes 4 to 8 weeks of consistent practice.
03Hard mewing vs soft mewing: what's the difference?
This distinction drives a significant amount of search traffic and online debate, so it deserves its own section.
Soft mewing (standard correct oral posture)
Soft mewing is what sections 01 and 02 describe: the full tongue resting against the palate with gentle, sustained contact. The force is light, the position is relaxed, and the practice resembles what speech pathologists and myofunctional therapists call correct resting tongue posture. Orofacial myofunctional therapy, which incorporates correct tongue positioning, has genuine peer-reviewed support for improving orthodontic stability, tongue thrust, and nasal breathing.78
Hard mewing (deliberate forceful pressure)
Hard mewing adds intentional, forceful upward pressure into the palate, typically trying to widen the arch or force structural adaptation. Proponents argue greater force produces more rapid skeletal change. The problem is that adult palatal sutures fuse progressively through adolescence and are largely complete by the mid-20s in most individuals.23 After that point, the midpalatal suture cannot meaningfully expand under tongue pressure alone; MARPE (miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion) uses precisely placed hardware to achieve this in adults and requires clinical intervention. No published evidence supports the claim that tongue pressure alone produces equivalent expansion in adults.
Beyond the lack of efficacy evidence, hard mewing carries documented risks: jaw strain, TMJ symptom aggravation, headaches, and dental movement from excessive or misdirected pressure. A 2019 review in the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery specifically called out the lack of clinical evidence for mewing-style bone changes while noting the potential for harm from aggressive practice.1
Which one does MAXXING recommend?
Soft mewing. It captures all the proven postural benefits, carries no risk when practiced correctly, and aligns with what speech pathology and myofunctional therapy support. Hard mewing is a speculative intervention with no clinical validation and a non-trivial risk profile. If you are going to invest effort in tongue posture, invest it in doing soft mewing consistently around the clock, which is genuinely difficult to achieve, rather than in adding force that has no evidence behind it.
No RCT evidence. Adult palatal sutures are largely fused. Documented risks include TMJ strain, jaw pain, headaches, and dental movement from misdirected pressure. Stick with soft mewing (standard correct oral posture) unless directed otherwise by a qualified orthodontist.
04Does mewing work? Honest evidence and skepticism
The most intellectually honest approach here is a direct breakdown by claim. The evidence for mewing is not uniform, and treating it as uniformly good or uniformly bad misses the actual picture.
| Claim | Status | Assessment | Key source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone restructuring in adults | Unproven | No RCTs. Adult growth plates are largely fused. Mainstream orthodontic bodies do not endorse it for this purpose. | Lagravere 20191 |
| Oral posture influence on development in children | Plausible | Orthodontic literature supports soft tissue influence on craniofacial growth during developmental periods. Tongue posture correlates with dental arch form. | Moss 19975; Kiliaridis 199512 |
| Improved resting facial posture | Established | Closed-mouth, tongue-up resting posture creates a more compact lower face and a more alert resting expression. Effect is immediate and visual. | Postural mechanics; observable |
| Reduced mouth breathing | Established | Nasal breathing is physiologically superior. Mouth breathing in children correlates with longer face development. Mewing enforces nasal breathing by sealing the lips. | Di Francesco 202110 |
| Submental tightening | Established | Tongue-on-palate engages suprahyoid muscles, tightening the submental triangle under the chin. Immediate while in posture; builds tone over weeks. | Anatomy; myofunctional therapy literature |
| Improved swallowing mechanics | Established | Tongue-driven swallowing is the standard correct pattern in speech pathology. Tongue thrust (incorrect forward push) is a recognized disorder corrected via myofunctional therapy. | Doshi et al. 202113 |
| Sleep quality improvement | Mixed | Orofacial myofunctional therapy reduces sleep apnea severity by roughly 50% in adults in meta-analysis. Mewing is one component of that broader practice. | Camacho et al. 20159 |
| Cheek hollowing | Anecdotal | Theory that reduced buccinator activation reduces cheek bulk. No clinical data. Fat loss accounts for most perceived changes in this area. | No supporting studies |
The mainstream orthodontic position is clear. The British Orthodontic Society and most professional bodies do not endorse mewing for adult facial restructuring, citing the absence of peer-reviewed evidence. A 2014 British Dental Journal editorial on orthotropics explicitly called for prospective controlled trials to validate techniques that had been promoted for decades without them.4 A 2025 systematic review in Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum found insufficient evidence to support conservative mechanical facial rejuvenation techniques, including facial exercises and myofunctional therapy, for significant aesthetic facial change.
The honest MAXXING position: practice mewing for the established benefits, which are real and worth having. Build your jawline work around interventions with stronger evidence: body fat reduction, neck training, skincare that supports the look of skin firmness. Mewing is a zero-cost addition that improves your baseline posture and nasal breathing. Expecting it to reshape adult bone is setting yourself up for frustration.
05What mewing actually delivers
Better resting face
The difference between an open mouth, tongue-low resting face and a lips-sealed, tongue-on-palate position is visible in real time. Closed mouth creates a shorter lower face proportion, more defined chin line, and an expression that reads as more composed and alert. This is not bone change. It is posture. But posture is what people see every moment you are not actively speaking.
Submental tightening
When the tongue presses against the palate, the suprahyoid muscles (the group running from the hyoid bone to the floor of the mouth) engage. This tightens the submental triangle under the chin, reducing the appearance of submental fullness while the posture is held and building baseline muscle tone over weeks of consistent practice. The effect is immediate and gradually strengthens.
Nasal breathing transition
Chronic mouth breathing in children is associated with altered craniofacial development, a longer lower face, dental crowding, and worse sleep architecture.10 In adults, mouth breathing reduces sleep quality, increases snoring risk, and dries out the oral cavity. Nasal breathing filters particulates, humidifies air, produces nitric oxide (which dilates airways and has antimicrobial properties), and supports better sleep. Mewing enforces nasal breathing simply by keeping the lips sealed. That is one of its least discussed but most tangible benefits.
Corrected swallowing pattern
Correct swallowing uses the tongue to drive food against the palate in a wave from front to back. Tongue thrust, where the tongue pushes forward against or between the teeth during swallowing, is a recognized orofacial myofunctional disorder that can cause dental problems and open bite over time. Mewing-style resting posture tends to naturally retrain the swallowing pattern toward the correct palate-pressing movement. Myofunctional therapy for tongue thrust has a solid evidence base in speech pathology.13
06The five most common mewing mistakes
- Only placing the tip. The posterior third is the critical part and the hardest to engage. The tip alone provides almost no palatal contact. Use the "ng" technique from Section 02 to find the correct full-tongue position.
- Clenching the teeth. Light contact means resting, not clamping. Sustained clenching causes masseter fatigue, headaches, tooth wear, and TMJ strain. If you notice you are clenching, relax completely, reset, and re-approach with zero force at the teeth.
- Tongue tip touching the front teeth. The tip sits on the incisive papilla, the ridge behind the upper front teeth, not on the teeth themselves. Consistent forward tongue pressure against teeth moves them forward over time, an orthodontic concern your dentist will notice.
- Mouth breathing during sleep. Eight hours of mouth breathing undoes a day of correct posture work. Address underlying nasal congestion, sleep on your side, and optionally use medical tape across the lips during sleep. Only use mouth taping if you can comfortably breathe through your nose while awake.
- Expecting structural change in weeks. Even proponents of bone-restructuring claims describe results in months to years. Set expectations correctly: postural benefits (immediate), muscle tone improvement (2 to 3 months), potential structural change (unproven, long-term if at all). Photograph in consistent conditions every 3 to 6 months, not daily.
If you develop jaw pain, TMJ clicking, ear pressure, or headaches, you are likely clenching or applying too much force. Stop, rest the jaw, and consult a dentist before continuing. Mewing done correctly should feel completely effortless. Any discomfort is a signal to reduce force, not push through it.
07Realistic timeline: what to expect and when
| Timeframe | Posture + resting face | Submental area | Nasal breathing | Structural changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1-2 | Improved while actively maintaining posture. Tongue fatigue from posterior third engagement. Frequent reminders required. | Immediate tightening while posture is held. | Conscious effort required; may feel restricted if congestion is present. | None expected. |
| Week 3-4 | Position becoming more natural with less effort. Resting face visibly different in photos when maintained. | Baseline engagement improves. Submental area feels firmer. | Nasal breathing becoming more automatic during waking hours. | None expected. |
| Month 2-3 | Semi-automatic during most waking activities. Measurable postural change visible in photos. | Suprahyoid tone noticeably improved. | Mouth breathing significantly reduced or eliminated during the day. | None established. Any effects would be early and subtle. |
| Month 3-6 | Fully habitual in most contexts. Resting face consistently different from pre-mewing baseline. | Full adaptation. Tone maintained at rest. | Nasal breathing fully habitual; sleep quality may improve. | Unproven in adults. Earliest timeframe cited by proponents for any potential effect. |
| 6-12+ months | Established baseline posture. | Maintained with ongoing practice. | Fully habitual. | Any adult bone effects remain unproven. Long before-after comparisons are confounded by fat loss, posture changes, and photographic variables. |
08Mewing vs alternative jaw-definition methods
Mewing is one of several jaw-definition approaches people layer together. Understanding the mechanism and evidence for each prevents you from over-indexing on the wrong intervention. The table below covers the full stack with honest evidence ratings.
| Method | Primary mechanism | Evidence level | Time to visible effect | Cost | Key limitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body fat reduction to 10-15% (testosterone-dominant) or 18-22% (estrogen-dominant) | Removes subcutaneous fat over jaw; reveals underlying bone structure | Strong | Weeks to months (rate-dependent) | Free to low | Requires sustained calorie deficit; genetics determine fat distribution order |
| Neck training | Builds sternocleidomastoid and neck extensor mass; frames jaw from below | Strong | 2 to 4 months | Low | Requires consistent resistance training; most programs neglect neck |
| Soft mewing (this guide) | Correct oral posture; suprahyoid engagement; nasal breathing enforcement | Established for posture | Postural: immediate. Habitual: 4-8 weeks | Free | Adult bone restructuring unproven; requires 24/7 consistency to become habitual |
| Hard mewing | Forceful tongue pressure into palate; theoretical palatal expansion | Unproven | No timeline established | Free | Adult palatal sutures fused; TMJ, dental movement, and jaw strain risks |
| Jaw resistance training (gum, exercisers) | Masseter hypertrophy; wider jaw angle appearance | Mixed | 2 to 4 months of consistent training | Low to moderate | May widen jaw (opposite of what some people want); TMJ risk at high volume. RCT evidence is for masticatory function, not aesthetics.14 |
| Mastic gum protocol | Harder resistance than regular gum; greater masseter activation | Preliminary | 3 to 6 months | Moderate | No dedicated aesthetic trial; gum hardness affects masseter activation levels15 |
| Lower face skincare (peptides, collagen) | Supports the look of skin firmness and definition at jaw contour | Moderate-strong | 4 to 12 weeks | Low to moderate | Cosmetic effect on skin surface; does not affect underlying structure |
| MARPE palatal expansion | Miniscrew-assisted expansion of fused midpalatal suture; actual palatal widening in adults | Strong (clinical) | 3 to 6 months under clinical care | High (clinical procedure) | Requires orthodontic professional; involves surgically placed hardware |
09How mewing fits your jawline protocol
Mewing ranks fifth in the jawline optimization hierarchy, after body fat reduction, neck training, posture correction, and skincare. Its proven effects are postural rather than structural. That said, it costs nothing, requires no extra time once habitual, and the nasal breathing and submental benefits are genuinely valuable. There is no reason not to add it.
The complete protocol in priority order:
- Body fat reduction to 10-15% (testosterone-dominant) or 18-22% (estrogen-dominant): the highest-impact single variable. See the looksmaxxing guide for a full protocol built around this.
- Neck training: direct resistance training for the neck muscles that frame the jaw. Covered in the complete jawline guide.
- Posture correction: forward head posture compresses the jaw profile and creates a visual double chin even at low body fat. Chin tucks and wall slides address this before mewing does.
- Skincare for lower-face definition: peptides and collagen support the appearance of firmness at the jaw contour. MAXXING Glow uses GHK-Cu copper peptide for this. For the full skincare science, see the GHK-Cu guide. Collagen peptides from within also support skin structure: see the collagen supplements guide.
- Mewing (soft): correct tongue posture 24/7 for resting face improvement, submental tightening, and nasal breathing. This guide.
- Jaw resistance exercises: optional masseter development for a wider jaw angle. See jawline exercises that actually work for the evidence-backed protocol.
- Facial tools: lymphatic drainage and puffiness reduction via face massager and gua sha. See the facial tools guide for how to use them.
Start mewing from day one of any glow-up protocol or softmaxxing routine. It supports rather than replaces everything else in the stack. The MewMaxxing collection includes tools that complement the technique, including jaw resistance options and the facial tools above.
Mewing is the postural foundation of jaw-definition work. Pair it with fat loss for structural definition, neck training for frame, and GHK-Cu skincare for skin firmness. The combination is more powerful than any single intervention in isolation.
For a complete personalized stack recommendation, the MAXXING AI quiz builds a protocol around your specific face structure, goals, and starting point.
10Frequently asked questions
For bone restructuring, the evidence is unproven. Adult cranial growth plates are largely fused and no randomized controlled trials demonstrate mandibular or maxillary changes from tongue posture after skeletal maturity. The British Orthodontic Society and most professional bodies do not endorse mewing for this purpose. For soft-tissue benefits: improved resting facial posture is immediate, submental tightening from suprahyoid engagement is real and measurable, nasal breathing improvement is well-documented, and corrected swallowing mechanics is standard practice in orofacial myofunctional therapy.7 Practice mewing for the proven benefits.
Soft mewing is standard correct oral posture: the full tongue rests gently against the palate with light, sustained contact. Hard mewing adds deliberate forceful upward pressure into the palate with the intention of producing structural expansion. Soft mewing is what MAXXING recommends because it has legitimate postural benefits and no meaningful risk profile when done correctly. Hard mewing is unproven for adults, as adult palatal sutures are largely fused and tongue pressure alone cannot replicate the force of clinical expansion devices. Hard mewing also carries TMJ, dental movement, and jaw strain risks.
Postural benefits (better resting face, reduced submental fullness appearance) are visible within 2 to 4 weeks of consistent practice. Habitual nasal breathing typically establishes in 3 to 4 weeks. Suprahyoid muscle tone improvement takes 2 to 3 months. Any potential bone remodeling in adults, which remains unproven, would require 6 to 12 or more months according to proponents of that claim. Photograph under consistent conditions every 3 to 6 months for an honest comparison; daily self-perception is not reliable.
Entire tongue flat against the roof of the mouth: tip behind (not on) the front teeth on the incisive papilla, middle section on the hard palate, and the posterior third against the soft palate. Lips sealed. Teeth in light contact, not clenching. Breathe through the nose only. Maintain this as your default resting position throughout the day, not just during a dedicated practice session. To find the posterior third position, say "sing" and hold the "ng" sound. That is the target engagement for the back of the tongue.
A truly recessed chin is skeletal (mandibular retrognathia) and mewing is unlikely to correct it in adults through tongue posture alone. That said, many people perceive recession that is actually caused by elevated body fat obscuring jaw definition, forward head posture compressing the profile, or low tongue posture elongating the lower face. Mewing corrects the latter two through postural change, and when combined with fat loss, this often resolves the perceived recession without any structural intervention being needed. If chin recession is genuinely skeletal and causes functional concerns, consult an orthodontist or maxillofacial surgeon for clinical options.
Standard soft mewing (gentle resting tongue posture) is generally compatible with most orthodontic retainers. The concern is that aggressive or forceful tongue pressure could affect retainer seating or create unwanted pressure on dental arches. Always confirm the specific approach with your own orthodontist before practicing any tongue posture training while wearing orthodontic appliances. Soft mewing at resting pressure is the safest approach during active orthodontic treatment. This question is common enough and the stakes high enough that professional guidance is the right call here.
You cannot consciously maintain tongue posture during sleep, but you can set conditions that support nasal breathing at night. Train the posture thoroughly during waking hours for 4 to 8 weeks until it becomes default. Sleep on your side rather than your back to reduce mouth opening. Treat nasal congestion that forces mouth breathing. Some people use medical tape across the lips during sleep to enforce nasal breathing. Only do this if you can comfortably breathe through your nose while awake: waking with a dry mouth means you are still mouth breathing at night.
Soft mewing (correct resting oral posture) is not dangerous. Dental professionals generally consider palatal tongue resting the correct position. Risks come from practicing incorrectly: clenching instead of light contact (TMJ issues), tongue tip on teeth rather than behind them (dental movement), or forcing the position aggressively (jaw strain). Hard mewing adds all these risks at higher intensity with no proven benefit to justify them. Mewing should feel effortless. Any discomfort means the force or position is wrong, and you should stop, rest, and reassess before continuing.
Soft mewing will not make TMJ symptoms worse and may indirectly support jaw comfort by promoting relaxed resting posture: lips sealed, teeth in light contact (not clenched), and the tongue off the teeth. These are all habits that orofacial therapists recommend alongside TMJ management. However, hard mewing or any forceful tongue pressure can aggravate TMJ symptoms. If you have an active TMJ condition, consult a dentist or orofacial myofunctional therapist before adding any tongue posture practice.
The goal is 24 hours a day because correct tongue posture is your default resting position, not a timed exercise. You are not doing sets and reps: you are retraining where your tongue sits when you are not actively using your mouth. In practice, most beginners can hold the position for a few minutes before losing awareness. Build consistency over 4 to 8 weeks and the posture becomes automatic. Dedicated 5 to 10 minute focus sessions at first can help you lock in the technique before generalizing it to all waking hours.
Orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT), which includes tongue posture training and exercises overlapping with mewing, has published evidence supporting reduced sleep apnea severity. A 2015 meta-analysis found OMT reduced the apnea-hypopnea index by about 50% in adults. Standard mewing alone is a narrow subset of full OMT, so it is unlikely to replicate those results by itself. If you have diagnosed sleep apnea, work with a sleep specialist and consider full OMT alongside your prescribed treatment. Do not use mewing as a replacement for medical care.
References
- Lagravere MO, Flores-Mir C. "Mewing: Social Media's Alternative to Orthognathic Surgery?" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2019;77(7):1337-1339. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005620
- Angelieri F, et al. "Midpalatal Suture Maturation: Classification Method for Individual Assessment before Rapid Maxillary Expansion." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2013;144(5):759-769. Related: Midpalatal Suture Maturation Method systematic review, Diagnostics. 2022. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9689184
- Korn A, et al. "Midpalatal Suture Maturation in Relation to Age, Sex, and Facial Skeletal Growth Patterns: A CBCT Study." Children. 2024;11(8):1013. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11353169
- Brunelle H. "Orthotropics: Will we never be free?" British Dental Journal. 2014;217:183. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25146779
- Moss ML, Salentijn L. "The functional matrix hypothesis revisited." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1997;112(1):8-11. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9228842
- Moimaz SAS, et al. "The influence of tongue on dentofacial growth." The Angle Orthodontist. 2015;85(4):715-715. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8611756
- Camacho M, et al. "Myofunctional Therapy to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Sleep. 2015;38(5):669-675. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4402674
- Macedo TM, et al. "Impact of myofunctional therapy on orthodontic management and orthognathic surgery outcomes: a scoping review." European Journal of Orthodontics. 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12001237
- Camacho M, et al. "Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Laryngoscope. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37606313
- Di Francesco RC, et al. "Effects of mouth breathing on facial skeletal development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):160. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7944632
- Tanaka SM, et al. "Forceful mastication activates osteocytes and builds a stout jawbone." Scientific Reports. 2019;9:4579. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30890758
- Kiliaridis S. "Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1995;53(4):196-202. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7484564
- Doshi M, et al. "Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy in Tongue Thrust Habit: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021;14(3):406-412. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8343673
- Iwase M, et al. "Effects of gum chewing training on occlusal force, masseter muscle thickness and mandibular shape: A randomised controlled clinical trial." Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39215439
- Okada Y, et al. "Effects of Different Gum Hardness on Masseter Muscle Activity During Gum Chewing: An NIRS Oximetry Study." Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39400845
- Saccomanno S, et al. "Effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy in improving orofacial function and oral habits: a scoping review." Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11956678
- Huang S, et al. "Soft-Tissue Facial Profile Is Associated With Tongue Pressure in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study." Cureus. 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12639191
- Oltra DS, et al. "Myofunctional Speech Therapy for Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Function Improvement: A Systematic Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024;9(2):99. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11204933
